Are you smarter than an eighth-grader?

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What it took to get an 8th grade education in 1895

Remember when grandparents and great-grandparents stated that they only had an 8th grade education? Well, check this out. Could any of us have passed the 8th grade exam in 1895?

This is the eighth-grade final exam from 1895 in Salina, Kansas, USA. It was taken from the original document on file at the Smokey Valley Genealogical Society and Library in Salina, and reprinted by the Salina Journal.

8th Grade Final Exam: Salina, KS - 1895

Grammar (Time, one hour)
1. Give nine rules for the use of capital letters.
2. Name the parts of speech and define those that have no modifications.
3. Define verse, stanza and paragraph.
4. What are the principal parts of a verb? Give principal parts of ‘lie,’ ’play,’ and ‘run.’
5. Define case; illustrate each case.
6. What is punctuation? Give rules for principal marks of punctuation.
7. Write a composition of about 150 words and show therein that you understand the practical use of the rules of grammar.

Arithmetic (Time,1 hour 15 minutes)
1. Name and define the Fundamental Rules of Arithmetic.
2. A wagon box is 2 ft. Deep, 10 feet long, and 3 ft. Wide. How many bushels of wheat will it hold?
3. If a load of wheat weighs 3,942 lbs., what is it worth at 50 cts/bushel, deducting 1,050 lbs. for tare?
4. District No 33 has a valuation of $35,000. What is the necessary levy to carry on a school seven months at $50 per month, and have $104 for incidentals?
5. Find the cost of 6,720 lbs. coal at $6.00 per ton.
6. Find the interest of $512.60 for 8 months and 18 days at 7 percent.
7. What is the cost of 40 boards 12 inches wide and 16 ft. long at $20 per metre?
8. Find bank discount on $300 for 90 days (no grace) at 10 percent.
9. What is the cost of a square farm at $15 per acre, the distance of which is 640 rods?
10. Write a Bank Check, a Promissory Note, and a Receipt.

U.S. History (Time, 45 minutes)
1. Give the epochs into which U.S. History is divided.
2. Give an account of the discovery of America by Columbus.
3. Relate the causes and results of the Revolutionary War.
4. Show the territorial growth of the United States.
5. Tell what you can of the history of Kansas.
6. Describe three of the most prominent battles of the Rebellion.
7. Who were the following: Morse, Whitney, Fulton, Bell, Lincoln, Penn, and Howe?
8. Name events connected with the following dates: 1607, 1620, 1800, 1849, 1865.

Orthography (Time, one hour)
1. What is meant by the following: alphabet, phonetic, orthography, etymology, syllabication”.
2. What are elementary sounds? How classified?
3. What are the following, and give examples of each: trigraph, subvocals, diphthong, cognate letters, linguals.
4. Give four substitutes for caret ‘u.’
5. Give two rules for spelling words with final ‘e.’ Name two exceptions under each rule.
6. Give two uses of silent letters in spelling. Illustrate each.
7. Define the following prefixes and use in connection with a word: bi, dis-mis, pre, semi, post, non, inter, mono, sup.
8. Mark diacritically and divide into syllables the following, and name the sign that indicates the sound: card, ball, mercy, sir, odd, cell, rise, blood, fare, last.
9. Use the following correctly in sentences: cite, site, sight, fane, fain, feign, vane, vain, vein, raze, raise, rays.
10. Write 10 words frequently mispronounced and indicate pronunciation by use of diacritical marks. And by syllabication.

Geography (Time, one hour)
1 What is climate? Upon what does climate depend?
2. How do you account for the extremes of climate in Kansas ?
3. Of what use are rivers? Of what use is the ocean?
4. Describe the mountains of North America.
5. Name and describe the following: Monrovia , Odessa , Denver , Manitoba,
Hecla, Yukon, St. Helena, Juan Fernadez, Aspinwall
and Orinoco.
6. Name and locate the principal trade centers of the U.S. Name all the republics of Europe and give the capital of each.
8. Why is the Atlantic Coast colder than the Pacific in the same latitude?
9. Describe the process by which the water of the ocean returns to the sources of
rivers.
10. Describe the movements of the earth. Give the inclination of the earth.

[Gives the saying “he only had an 8th grade education” a whole new meaning, doesn’t it?! No, we don’t have the answers! And we don’t think we ever did! But we did figure out that “Orthography” was handwriting.]


Photo captions:

1. Alvin Edward Rudisill (second from left in back row) completed his eighth grade education in 1913 in this one-room school in Grandview School District #21 in Harding County, South Dakota. Rudisill is the father of our GLEANINGS editor, Dr. Alvin Eugene Rudisill.

Hebe fountain(s) found (but not in Ypsilanti)

Published In:
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Author: Tom Dodd

Some Greek culture to accompany our Greek name

Readers of the GLEANINGS perseverate over the loss of a local landmark they have never seen. Stories abound of the elaborate fountain that stood near what is the front door of today’s Ypsilanti City Hall, but faded photos of the complex pile of vessels with the figure of Hebe atop are all they have seen. Still, the discovery of this community artifact would be a delight to those who recall its story. Help is on the way.

In 1889, Ypsilanti philanthropist and ben-efactor, Mary Ann (Newberry) Starkweather donated––among many other contributions to the she city loved––a fountain that stood on the southeast corner of Michigan Avenue and Huron Street. The elaborate baroque casting had watering sources for dogs, horses, and people. Birds, she must have figured, could sip at any level. At the top of all this was a statue of Hebe, the Greek mythological goddess of youth, the daughter of Zeus and Hera.

Who’s Hebe?
Hebe was the cupbearer for the gods and goddesses of Mount Olympus, serving their nectar and abrosia, until she married Heracles (the Roman equiv-alent of Hercules). Another of Hebe’s jobs was to draw the bath water for Ares, but she was known as Ganymeda in that role. She was also recognized as a female footman for helping Hera enter her chariot. Hebe had many helpful responsibilities; she was young and full of energy.

The name Hebe comes from the Greek word meaning “youth” or “prime of life” and how very appropriate it was for a city with a Greek name to have at least one example of Greek mythology in the form of a prominently-placed sculpture. (Juventas likewise means “youth”, as can be seen in such derivatives as juvenile. In earlier days, juvenile did not necessarily connote delinquency, nor did adult mean something dirty.)

In art, Hebe is usually depicted wearing a sleeveless dress. There are historians who posit that it may have been the image of Hebe emblazoned on the wall of the Hay & Todd Manufacturing Company to hype their Ypsilanti Health Underwear in 1865. After all, the five-story figure was female and posed in the classical tradition. It was the advertising policy of that company to juxtapose their product with classical art forms such as cupids and young Greek women to titillate the Victorian sensibilities of their clientele long before Maidenform bras were shown in American magazine ads under the headline “I dreamt I (whatever) in my Maidenform bra.”

Ypsilanti’s famous fountain has been absent for many years; some think it may be found at the bottom of the Huron River, but that’s just conjecture. Street talk has placed it in the DPW’s salt barn, and other speculators surmise it was turned into bomber parts in World War II. No viable discovery of the iconic fountain has been made to date.

Perhaps another place to look for Ypsilanti’s lost fountain is under the foundation of today’s police station since Hebe was also worshipped as a goddess of pardons or forgiveness; freed prisoners would hang their chains in the sacred grove of her sanctuary at Phlius.

Hebe depictions were popular in the 19th and early 20th century for garden fountains and temperance fountains, and were widely available in cast stone. Thoughtful and nostalgic Ypsilantians can still find the visage of Hebe and her bare arms in a variety of locations where an earlier ethic of historic preservation may have saved their Hebe-depictions from destruction:

• Taremtum, Penn-sylvania, displays two such cast stone statues of Hebe. The mold for these statues was donated to the borough by the Tarentum Book Club on 6 June 1912.

• In Vicksburg, Mississippi, the Bloom Fountain was installed in 1927 near the municipal rose garden, thanks to a bequest of $6,500 in the will of Louis Bloom, featuring a Hebe of cast zinc.

• At Bowling Green, Kentucky, the Hebe fountain in Fountain Square follows Canova’s model, in patinated (in colors) cast iron example, purchased in 1881 from the J.L. Mott Iron Works of New York, at a cost of $1,500.

• Similar Hebe fountains, probably also from Mott, are located in Court Square, Memphis, Tennessee, and in Montgomery, Alabama.

• There is a bronze statue of Hebe, by Robert Thomas (1966), in Birmingham city centre, England.

• Antonio Conova also sculpted four different statues of Hebe: one of them is in the Museum of Forlî, Italy.

Which “classical”style is that?
Anyone wishing to separate Greek from Roman depictions of this popular mythological goddess need only to examine the placement of the feet. Greek sculptures usually have the feet placed parallel to each other with the legs straight; Romans would often bend one knee, placing one foot at a slight angle to the other. Art critics contend the Greek statuary was actually a carved column intended to help hold up a building (see the caryatides of the erechtheum at the Athenean Acropolis). Romans, by contrast, seem to be “moving into the picture.”

(Tom Dodd taught art history at Schoolcraft College and Ann Arbor Community High using Helen Gardner’s Art Through the Ages as a secondary source. He focused on 19th Century Architecture every spring semester, using Ann Arbor’s North Division Street and Ypsilanti’s North Huron Street as primary sources to contrast and compare.)


Photo captions:

1. Starkweather’s fountain at Huron & Congress (Michigan Avenue)

2. Hebe sculpture (no caption)

3. A mid-century Maidenform model dreamed of going to a “masquerade” in her bra

4. Hebe, in a typical water-carrying pose

5. Antonio Canova’s Hebe became the model for others to follow the Roman tradition

6. The girls on the porch (the caryatids of the erechtheum) seem to be moving toward the future: note how each has one knee beginning to move forward, denoting a drastic change in the Greek Order and a move toward Rome and, eventually, the Renaissance

History’s message: Just do the job and leave your name!

Published In:
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The Ypsilanti Historical Museum is more than a collection of ancient artifacts and historical data; it is a collection of people.

Imagine the late Peter Fletcher assembling a group in the Archives meeting room which included Jack Miller, Ray Barber, Eric Maurer, Todd Barker, Patsy Chandler, Gary Clark, Virginia Cooper, Peg Porter, and Cheryl Farmer. What might be the focus of such a meeting? Does the list of their names offer any insight into their commonalities?

Their surnames might hint at the meeting’s agenda. They could be tracing family histories back to occupations or crafts that were the origin of their surnames or cognomens.

William Holden, in a 1974 article in Mid-West Tool Collectors Association’s publication [What’s in a Name?], offers this explanation: “In early days many a man was not known by a surname. Rather, his identification was associated with his occupation or craft. Each hamlet and town had a miller, for example, who operated the mill for grinding the grain. If his given name happened to be “John”, he was referred to as “John the miller” to distinguish him from “John the carpenter”.

Times change and literacy expands. Written records demand an accounting of who’s who. “Fred the cook” was shortened to “Fred Cook” and the surname “Cook” went on to designate generations afterward.

Herewith is a starter list of surnames found in records at the Museum or Archives whose names likely have come from the talents of their ancestors. Some remain the same in current usage; others need some explanation due to language and fluctuations of craft or talent:

Archer - soldier with bow and arrow
Barker - tans hides with bark
Bellows - bellows-maker, operates forge
Boardman - cuts timber
Boomer – hobo or explosive population
representative
Bowman – see Archer
Brewer – like Matt Greff at the Corner
Brewster - female brewer (Rene Greff)
Carter - transports merchandise by cart
Cartwright - makes carts
Chandler - candle maker or purveyor of
nautical supplies
Clark – clerk
Cooper – barrel maker
Crocker - potter
Currier - processes leather after tanning
Cutler - makes knives and scissors
Draper – curtain-maker
Falconer - raises and trains falcons
Fisher – fisherman
Fletcher – arrow maker
Forrester - lumberman
Fowler - traps small birds
Gardner - cultivates vegetable garden
Glazier - glass worker
Glover – glove-maker
Goldsmith – jeweler/craftsman
Hooper – makes hoops for barrels.
Horner - made utensils from horn
Keeler - barge tender
Loomis - loom maker
Mason - stone cutter
Maurer – iron maker
Miller (Mueller, Moeller, Muller)
- ran the grain mill
Minor - miner
Naylor – nail-maker
Packman - peddler
Pearlman - deals in pearls
Pittman works in the pit with a pitsaw
Porter – carries and delivers
Roper – rope-maker
Sandler – sandal-maker
Seaman – crews on a ship
Shearer – shears sheep for wool
Slater – a roofer from the quarry
Smith - blacksmith
Stoner - mason
Tanner – makes leather from skins
Taylor - tailor
Thatcher – roof-installer
Tyler - makes and sells tiles
Wagner (Waggoner) - makes wagons
Wainwright – wagon-maker
AD INFINITUM....


Photo captions:

1. What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet…
-William Shakespeare

Donald H. Porter: Craftsman and Artist

Published In:
Ypsilanti Gleanings
Original Images:


Author: Peg Porter

Publicly he was a school administrator, active in many community organizations (Lions, March of Dimes, Meals on Wheels, Congregational Church), husband of Ruth and father of Margaret, Don Jr. and Jane. Privately he loved to work with wood. He built at least three boats, a summer cottage, and a home addition. But he liked to build smaller objects as well. His woodshop was particularly busy as the holidays drew near. His Christmas outdoor decorations won the local holiday lighting contest at least five years in a row when he finally asked not to be part of the judging.

He built cradles for his granddaughters, toy chests and trains for his grandsons. Other children and adults were also given a Porter original. Many of his items were made from scraps of wood left over from larger projects. He particularly liked hard woods although many of the toys were made with pine. He decorated much of what he built. Garlands of flowers, hearts, and birds adorned his creations. Sometimes the paintings told a story; he used names in his paintings to honor the receiver.

Several of his creations were on display as part of the Museum’s holiday decorations. He loved Christmas, loved making decorations and creating gifts. He did not consider himself a craftsman or an artist. And yet, he was.

The following is an outgrowth of the holiday display. A number of people asked for an article about my father focusing on his art. This was not an easy assignment because, in large part, he rarely spoke about himself. In addition, he was a humble man and did not believe he was especially talented. Others thought differently. Fortunately, some of his work has survived.

Donald Porter never talked much about how he learned his craft. It was as if he always knew. The Porters of Colonial Massachusetts and later Nova Scotia, Canada, had numerous builders, particularly ship builders, painters, weavers and others who produced useful or beautiful items. Donald’s grandfather, Titus H. Porter, was a builder who worked both in Nova Scotia and in coastal Massachusetts. According to one family source, he built homes, public buildings and, of course, boats. The latter included everything from fishing boats to racing yachts. The Porters were cousins to the Crosbys, well-known boat and yacht builders (The Crosbys also produced one famous entertainer, Harry or “Bing”, but that is another story).

It is not surprising that one of Don’s first projects was a speed boat built from a kit and christened the Mickey Mouse. He went on to build a rowboat, the Mimi, and a cabin cruiser, Mimi II. The cruiser was modeled after the Crosby cruisers, which I knew, but had no idea of its significance until I began researching the Porter family.

When the family home was built on Owendale in the early 1940s, Don created a workshop in the basement. The workbench had small drawers on three sides. These held nails, screws, bolts, all carefully organized. The workshop was a prime example of his skill in utilizing space. No longer just a builder he was now a designer as well. Several of his design projects were featured in Better Homes and Gardens.

In the mid 1940s, Don built the Porter cottage on Base (a.k.a. Baseline) Lake. The Davis family gave Ruth and Don the two lots as a wedding present. Mother had lived with Spen and Hazel Davis while she attended the Normal and helped take care of their four children. On the north shore, the property had views of “Peach Mountain” and the hills on the opposite side. My parents designed an H-shaped structure with the kitchen, living room and porch and master bedroom all with a lake view. The focal point of the main living space was a field stone fireplace. The cottage had four bedrooms (one was very small) and a bathroom. Don did most of the construction with the help of a group of friends. The finished kitchen featured a bay window with a custom made table. On the sides of the table he painted the names of all who had helped in his usual decorative style with garlands and hearts. As a child I used to study the names and as a result I “knew” some of Ypsilanti’s most prominent citizens.

The upper kitchen cabinet doors were painted to tell the story of building the cottage. Unfortunately, holes for hinges were drilled on the wrong side of one the doors leaving the story out of sequence. That was one of the few “goofs” I remember. We left them that way. The mistake proved to be a good conversation starter and also a test of visitors’ power of observation.

While the structure was impressive, it was by no means fancy. We had only cold running water for a number of years. Water had to be heated for dishwashing. Baths were taken in the lake. Mother refused to allow a phone for a long time although she eventually relented for emergencies. No TV was allowed either. We learned to make our own entertainment.

The next big building project occurred in the early 1950s. A large two story addition at the back of the house nearly doubled its size. This, like other projects, was done in my Dad’s “free time.” His job with the Ypsilanti Public Schools was demanding and time consuming. We got used to things being torn up although we still didn’t like it. A mother robin had constructed a very nice nest while building was underway. As a result the back wall was not erected until the birds had hatched and were on their way. The Ypsilanti Press published a feature story on our feathered visitors.

Our backyard held, at various times, items our Dad made for his three children. I, the oldest, had a swing set although this was not a typical swing set by any means. A pipe was attached to two tall trees. Attached by chains were a swing, a trapeze, and a set of rings. He was ahead of his time in “re-purposeing” items; the trapeze was a smaller pipe and the rings were metal as well. Since I seemed to prefer looking at the world upside down, I spent most of my time hanging from the trapeze or the rings. My brother had a fort-jungle gym, a two level wooden structure that had a slide and a fireman’s pole. Our sister, Jane, had Lilac Cottage, a small painted playhouse with aqua trim. For a number of years, our backyard often resembled a neighborhood playground.

As we were growing up, Dad was very busy overseeing the construction of at least six new school buildings as well as his usual responsibilities of budget, finance, transportation and maintenance, and executive secretary to the Board of Education. When he retired, I am told, three people were hired to fill his “position.”

With the arrival of grandchildren, he returned to his workshop where he created doll cradles, toy boxes, and toy trains. Each one of the items was personalized with the child’s name and most had his unique decorative painting. His “circus train” was displayed at the Ypsilanti Historical Museum during the 2012 holidays. The animals ride in different cars; the giraffes, for example, have an open car letting them look out and survey the passing scene. A doll house shows the same level of detail with each of the rooms individually decorated. It is these smaller items that best exhibit his artistry and craftsmanship. He created a short publication called “Making Toys from Scrap Materials.” Had he access to today’s technology his ideas would likely have reached a larger audience.

As he grew older, he did more carving focusing on shapes in hard woods. His creations became more abstract but also more beautiful. His love and appreciation of wood was clearly apparent.

Our mother, Ruth Porter, certainly appreciated her husband’s talent. There were a few times, however, when she wished he would take up golf or fishing. One day Mother and I returned from a shopping trip to Ann Arbor to find the kitchen cupboards being demolished. “Don, what are you doing?” Mother exclaimed. Dad responded that she had told him many times that she wanted different cabinets. “I didn’t mean right this minute. We have company coming!”

I have a brother-in-law who did not know our father but hears about him often. Mike once remarked, “Are you sure he did everything you say he did?” Janie and I answered, “Oh yes, he did everything. You just had to know our Dad.”

[Peg Porter is the Assistant Editor of the GLEANINGS and regularly contributes articles about growing up in Ypsilanti.]


Photo captions:

1. Don Porter served as an administrator in the Ypsilanti Public Schools

2. Don Porter’s “circus train” had animals riding in the cars with the giraffes’, for example, having an open car letting them look out and survey the passing scene

3. One of the doll cradles designed and built by Don Porter

4. The cottage on Base Lake built by Don Porter was an H-shaped structure with the kitchen, living room, porch and master bedroom all having a lake view

5. Several of Don’s designs that were created in his workshop in the family home on Owendale were featured in Better Homes and Gardens

6. The Porters and their cousins, the Crosby’s, were boat builders. The boat is the Crosby Cruiser.

7. Don built this rowboat called the “Mimi 1”

Jean-Baptiste Sanscrainte’s Story

Published In:
Ypsilanti Gleanings
Original Images:

Author: Michael E. Van Wasshnova

The search for our first European settler continues

In the summer and fall issues of the Ypsilanti Historical Society’s newsletter, the GLEANINGS, Tom Dodd wrote two satirical stories concerning a French-Canadian man with the surname of Sans Crainte. (Have no fear! J.B. Sanscrainte was here, GLEANINGS, Fall 2012 and Our French Connection memory bank is still growing, GLEANINGS, Winter 2012.)

I, being not only a member of the Ypsilanti Historical Society, but also a member of the French-Canadian Heritage Society of Michigan, the Genealogical Society of Monroe County and Descendants of Early Frenchtown, already knew of this family. As a matter of fact, the Sancrainte family is a collateral part of my family tree. Not only that, but on the voyage that was mentioned in the Hugh Heward Journal that Mr. Dodd sourced, a member of my French-Canadian family was a participant. That man was Joseph Lamirande, my third great grand father who was hired to transport material across country by canoe and portaging. So this had become a personal story as well.

One problem when using the Heward Journal, is Mr. Dodd’s assumption that Jean-Baptiste Sancrainte’s site was located in or near what is now Ypsilanti. In reading the journal no definite land mark of any kind is mentioned. All that is written is the date, 1 April 1790, the type of trees and that Mr. Sancrainte was along the Huron River.

The Jean-Baptiste Sancrainte who was mentioned in the Hugh Heward record was not the first Jean-Baptiste Romain dit Sancrainte in North America. He was born in Montreal, Quebec, not France. He was actually a second generation French-Canadian and the third in line with the name Jean-Baptiste.

We must explain here that the word dit is the French word for also known as (aka) in English. This was a purely French-Canadian custom. There were various reasons for this practice, which we will not go into at this time.

From our research the Romain dit Sans Crainte family came from the parish of St. Martial in Angouleme, France. The first Jean-Baptiste of that surname to arrive in North America was born there in about 1696. He married in Montreal, Quebec on 30 June 1722. The subject of our story was the grandson of that union. Jean-Baptiste the III, as we will call him, was born in Montreal in the year 1754. He married Margaret Solo in Detroit on 13 October 1778. They were the parents of eight children.

Jean-Baptiste III lived a very full and adventurous life, judging by the records we have uncovered in our research. He was a family man, trader, Indian interpreter for both the Americans and the British and was involved in many of the historical events that we learned of in our American history classes. The story of this man could fill a book, but that must wait for someone else to write.

So to keep this story short I will attempt to inform you of the real facts of Jean-Baptiste Romain dit Sancrainte.

Jean-Baptiste III began his adventurous life while a very young man. His father, Jean-Baptiste II, brought him along while seeking places to establish missions. The father somehow had connections with the Jesuits and was involved with the founding of missions at Black Rock, Fort Meigs, Maumee, Huron (which is now Windsor) and St. Lawrence (now Toledo). While along on these travels the younger Jean-Baptiste became acquainted with members of the area’s many native tribes and began his career as an interpreter and trader. He learned the customs and the native way of life which served him throughout his long life.

A year after his marriage to Margaret Solo (also spelled Soleau) on 13 October 1778, Jean-Baptiste III negotiated a deal with several tribes in the Detroit River region to purchase thousands of acres of land along the River Raisin, known to the French as Riviere aux Raisins, which is now the city of Monroe.

In August of 1794 Jean-Baptiste III was involved in the Battle of Fallen Timbers along with at least four other French-Canadians from the Detroit and River Raisin region. They fought for the British, who at the time ruled the region, and the Indian allies of the British. General Anthony Wayne’s Northwestern American Army defeated the British allies. After that battle the Indians had little desire to fight for the British as they had received no help from them.

Along with several other French-Canadians from the region, Jean-Baptiste was recruited by General Wayne to bring in many chiefs from the various tribes to sign the Treaty of Greenville.

Also in the records that have been located, Jean-Baptiste and members of his family were involved in the Battle of the Raisin. Some records have him on the side of the British, some with the Americans. We do know that at least three of his four sons, one named Jean-Baptiste, fought with the Kentuckians and had property destroyed during the battle.

Jean-Baptiste III died in 1838 at the age of 84 while out hunting for horses.

(Michael E. Van Wasshnova is a member of the Monroe County Historical Society and a regular visitor to the YHS Archives.)


Photo captions:

1. French traders meeting with Native Americans at a peltry

The 1914 Model T Ford Station Wagon

Published In:
Ypsilanti Gleanings
Original Images:

May 31, 1927, the last Ford Model T rolled off the assembly line. It was the first affordable automobile, due in part to the assembly line process developed by Henry Ford. It had a 2.9-liter, 20-horsepower engine and could travel at speeds up to 45 miles per hour. It had a 10-gallon fuel tank and could run on kerosene, petrol, or ethanol, but it couldn't drive uphill if the tank was low, because there was no fuel pump; people got around this design flaw by driving up hills in reverse.

Ford believed that "the man who will use his skill and constructive imagination to see how much he can give for a dollar, instead of how little he can give for a dollar, is bound to succeed." The Model T cost $850 in 1909, and as efficiency in production increased, the price dropped.

By 1927, you could get a Model T for $290.

"I will build a car for the great multitude," said Ford. "It will be large enough for the family, but small enough for the individual to run and care for. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be low in price [so] that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one - and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God's great open spaces."

A Sanscrainte Timeline

Published In:
Ypsilanti Gleanings
Original Images:

Author: Kevin Lajiness

The following unedited timeline gives more clues regarding Sanscrainte’s possible connections to what would later be known as Ypsilanti
[All notations and parenthetical comments are attributed to the author]

1723
Jean Baptiste Romain Dit Sanscrainte b: May 16, in Montreal, Canada

1754
Married: 25 FEB in Montréal, QC Suzanne-Amable DENIAU

1754
Jean Baptiste Romain dit Sanscrainte b. probably Laprairie

1760
January 7, JEAN ROMAIN DIT SANSCRAINTE witnesses the mutual consent of the nuptial benediction to michel Boier and to josette marguerite de lignon at michilimakinak

1760
October 9 Jacque (one source says female) Sans Crainte born to Jean Baptiste Sans Crainte and Indian slave michilimakinak

1761
jean romain dit Sanscrainte witnesses, the mutual consent of pierre duprés and of marie joseph carignan at michilimakinak July 18,

1765
Jean Baptiste Sanscrainte (John Soncrant) came from Quebec (this would have been the father the son would have only been 11 years old and the date may be right for when he set up the post but he was in Michilimackinac as early as 1760 and up to 1795 as noted by Greenville treaty notes –Kevin Lajiness) and settled on the north bank of the Huron river (Detroit Area) at present day West Jefferson. He sold this property to Gabriel Godfroy in 1796- Rockwood, The Huron River, Patricia Quick, Rockwood Area Historical Society

1778
Margaret Solo m. Jean Baptiste 7 Romain dit Sanscrainte, bap 24 Dec 1754 Montréal PQ; ma 13 Oct Detroit MI

1779
Serjeant Sanscrainte, whose father (who had come with Clarke from the Ilinois) at that instant stepping up raised the muzzle and obtained his son’s life by applying to Colol. Clarke

1779
Jean Baptiste Romain dit Sanscrainte was deeded land on Rivire-au-Loutre (Otter Creek) in by the Potawatomies

1786
15, May Deed from Potawatomie for land on the River Raisin; signed by 5 Indians with totems; witnessed by J. B. Sanscrainte and Francois Navarre. From Labadie Family Papers. (This is attributed to both Jean Baptiste Sanscrainte 1749-1822 [I question these dates] and Jean Baptiste Romain dit Sanscrainte b.1754)

1790
Explorer Hugh Heward’s journal describes a trading post, operated by Jean Baptiste Sanscriante, in near the Potawatomi settlement

Moravian indians

1795
(Nov 9 1810 –fifteen years ago) the late surveyor, McNiff came up the Huron with Sanscrainte the interpreter to survey land by order of John Askins

1795
No prisoners remain in our hands in the neighborhood of Michilimackinac. Those two Frenchmen present (Messieurs Sans Crainte and Pepin,) can witness to the truth of this assertion “ (Indian to general Wayne)


Photo captions:

1 From Jim Woodruff’s Topologist’s Blog

We hear Ypsilanti singing. Historic Choir sings of WWII heritage

Published In:
Ypsilanti Gleanings
Original Images:

Author: Val Kabat

30th Anniversary Concert to feature the Consolidated B-24 bomber, “The Liberator”, built at Willow Run airport in World War II

The Ypsilanti Community Choir is excitedly looking forward to their 30th anniversary celebration on Thursday, May 2. The concert, which is free, will be held at Emmanuel Lutheran Church, 201 North River Street, and will begin at 7:30 p.m.

What makes this concert especially exciting is that the choir will be premiering a new work by Ann Arbor composer Karl Osterland. YCC’s association with Osterland dates back to the early 1980s when he and founder Denise Rae Zellner were colleagues in Music Youth International.

In addition to Osterland’s day job as president of Ypsilanti’s FasTemps, a full-service staffing agency. He is music director and organist at Historic Trinity Lutheran Church in Detroit, where he directs three services each Sunday. When approached about the possibility of writing a new work to commemorate YCC’s anniversary, Osterland looked for an inspiration unique to Ypsilanti. He found it in the B-24 “Liberator,” which contributed so much to the Allies’ efforts during World War II.

Reflecting on the creative process, Osterland says, “I find the incredible speed and unity of purpose in the US and especially in Ypsilanti during WW II to be very inspiring. In some ways, it was Ypsilanti’s finest hour—a time when the hopes of a nation were being played out at that bomber plant. It fascinates me.”

It was 1939, and the first B-24s were being produced at the rate of one per day at San Diego’s Consolidated Aircraft plant. Dearborn’s Ford plant was under government contract to produce some of the aircraft’s parts. But then Henry Ford’s production chief, Charles Sorenson, visited the San Diego plant. After seeing the manufacturing process in person, Sorenson was sure that Ford—using the assembly line—could do better. He was right, and by August of 1944, the Willow Run Bomber plant was producing one B-24 per hour.

Henry Ford’s 80-acre factory with a mile-long assembly line employed more than 40,000 people. This was the largest factory in the United States, and the largest anywhere outside the USSR. It had the largest assembly line in the world (3,500,000 sq. ft.) at the time of completion. Ypsilanti’s major contribution to the war effort caused the rest of the world to see southeastern Michigan as the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

Not considered the most attractive of WWII’s flying arsenal, the Liberator nonetheless provided incomparable service during the Second World War and the Korean conflict that followed. Many pilots and crewmen were disappointed when first assigned to fly the enormous bomber, nicknamed the “flying barn.” But after a successful mission or two, Liberator crewmembers almost always sang her praises.

Osterland’s music captures the “rumbling, grumbling” assembly line, where the workers “Keep those parts a moving, always proving we can get the job done” and also the dedication of the pilots who “soar as on wings of an eagle and grasp the heavens . . . righting the wrongs and enforcing the will of a people who would be free.”

Ypsilanti Community Choir 30th Anniversary Concert
Premiering “Liberator”
by Karl Osterland
Thursday, May 2 • 7:30 p.m.
Emmanuel Lutheran Church
201 North River Street, Ypsilanti
Admission is free


Photo captions:

1. Bombers (no caption)

2. Choir (no caption)

3. The Choir in rehearsal

An exciting FIND of Ypsilanti railroad history

Published In:
Ypsilanti Gleanings
Original Images:

Author: Gerry Petty

Every so often something is found in the YHS Museum/Archive that absolutely flabbergasts me as to its very existence from so many years ago. We now have such a long-forgotten artifact in our possession from Michigan’s railroading past, as well as other business documents. They all concern Ypsilanti and its surrounding small towns in 1846 during the rebuilding of the Michigan Central Railroad and other items of interest.

Although Ypsilanti had a railroad as early as September, 1838, it was a privately-owned line named the Detroit and St. Joseph Railroad. It was badly under-constructed and under-funded becoming insolvent early on and was eventually was taken over by the State of Michigan in 1840. After running through more than $5 million in funds and doing an equally sub-standard construction job, the State decided to sell its stake in the Central Railroad of Michigan in 1846. By this time it went as far as Kalamazoo, a distance of about 143 miles from Detroit

Investors in 1846 were able to raise $2 million to purchase the CRM with the hope of making it profitable and running the line to Michigan City, Indiana and then to Chicago, Illinois. Beyond Chicago the railroad was to eventually serve several other states. The now successful MCRR exceeded its own expectations and, by 1925, the MCRR had 1,871 miles or roadway and 4,139 miles of track. Finally, in the 1940s, the New York Central line bought out the last of the bonds and began to control the railway.

This last October, while looking around the archival storage area, Al Rudisill came across a very old accordion file. I had never seen this file, even during our Archives move back in 2007. This ancient file had been given to the YHS sometime in 1954, gratefully accepted and evidently forgotten for 58 years! Just on its own that is something too, but what was truly amazing was that it was a treasure trove of 19th century business documents: checks, promissory notes, deeds, doctors bills, a 1924 divorce document, demands for payment and best of all, the payrolls for about eight weeks of the newly formed, Michigan Central Railroad! Additionally, it also contained all of the information as to the workers, the amounts of pay and about 30% of the additional bills submitted to the railroad for services along the roadway/track laying operations from Dearborn to Denton, Ypsilanti, Pittsfield Station, and out to Grass Lake Michigan!

Contained on these MCRR payrolls were their pay rates, for the typical 10-hour workdays, the names of the workers, and their actual signatures. As an example: a rail-layer made 87¢ a day, skilled workers made one dollar a day and a team of horses were contracted for a dollar a day as we have the actual draying bill moving rails and ties to the work area (the owner of the team was a local worker putting down rails too). We also have a bill from one of our local restaurants for $5.25, which was never eaten as the labor crew was called away from their dinner by a wood fire they had to put out. Probably it was railroad ties and wood braces needed to redo the badly built roadbeds that had caught fire. We also have a record of a Denton farmer submitting a bill for several hundred dollars from a fire caused by one of the passing Michigan Central Railroad steam engines. It did quite a bit of damage, according to the bill.

In 1846, these workers were not paid weekly but ‘about’ monthly. They were paid not by check, voucher, bank deposits, but CASH-in-hand. Paying in cash requires a physical payroll, lots of small change––which included half cent pieces––and lots of silver and gold coins as there was no United States paper currency. Almost all of the local banks were put out of business during the panic of 1837, and people were very reluctant to accept ANY paper money from private banks. All of this required a personal sign-off checklist to receive the workers pay. It was not unusual for a railroad to have an express car that carried cash payrolls and other valuable items to certified recipients and this probably was the way these men were paid. The headquarters of the MCRR was Detroit, about 39 miles away and the existence of this payroll document should have been destroyed when the last workers had all been paid and the payroll audited. It is all very quizzical as to why this payroll never made it back to Detroit!

All of these wonderful MCRR documents will be placed in a separate file, as the documents are physically large and the attendant tertiary bills constitute a separate heading for the MCRR business file. (MCRR: 1846 Bus. documents/payrolls.) For people who study business history, these are just full of information for the early development of Michigan railroads, and 19th century business documentation and forms of this era.

Paths Through Tall Grass Prairies

Image: 
Paths Through Tall Grass Prairies
Description: 

Paths through tall grass prairies connected the main Indian trails

Rights Held By: 
Ypsilanti Historical Society
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